RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENT AND
LIFE SCIENCES
Volume-5, Number-4, November-2012
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35. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 157-161 (2012) Impact of global warming and
climate change on diversity: The challenge of conservation of flora and fauna A. K. Mittal* Department of Zoology,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005 *e-mail: profakmittal@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: September 20, 2012;Accepted: October 03, 2012) |
Abstract: The increase in the levels of emissions of
greenhouse gases resulting from human activities, such as the large-scale
burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gases) to operate power plants
and automobiles, farming activities and land-use changes, results in the
increase the percentage of heat that is trapped inside the earth’s atmosphere.Humans are currently releasing 70 million tonnes of CO2 per day into the atmosphere.With excessive greenhouse gas build-up, the
earth’s atmosphere warms up and results in rise of temperature. Population
explosion, though undeniably the root cause of global warming, has so far
been largely overlooked. Key words: Global
warming, GHGs, N2O, CH4, CO2, CFC’s, Climate
change, Biodiversity, threatened specie |
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36. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 162 -167 (2012) Global warming and climate change: The greatest threat to
conservation of biodiversity J. P.
N. Singh* Department of Zoology, R.H.S.P.G.College,
Singramau, Jaunpur(U.P.) *e-mail: drjpnsingh@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised received: October 10,
2012;Accepted: October 27, 2012) |
Abstract: There are naturally occurring gases in the
atmosphere which can absorb radiations of the sun. These are called “green
house gases” (GHG’s- N2O, CH4, CO2, CFC’s). Because of their presence of GHG’s, not all solar
radiations reaching the earth are reflectedback to
outer space but some of the radiations are held back by these GHG’s. This
process is called the green-house effect. Due to human activities like
deforestation, forest fires, burning of fuels, etc., tons of gases like CO2,
methane, etc., are released in the atmosphere. The green house gases absorb
the solar radiations and form a blanket around the earth, preventing the
radiations from reflecting back into space. This results in an increase in
atmospheric temperature which is felt all over the world and is known as
‘global warming’. Summers are hotter whereas winters are getting less cold.
Even the rainfall is unpredictable. Every year there is an increase in the
earth’s temperature! It is estimated that since 1950 some 600000 species have
disappeared and nearly 400000 species are already threatened due to high
climatic variability and sea level to rise another 19 inches by 2100. Except
this climate change can affect the number and kinds of pests directly. Key words: Global
warming, Green house gases, Climate change, Biodiversity, N2O, CH4,
CO2, CFC’s |
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37. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 168-172 (2012) Study of biodiversity based upon DNA and protein polymorphism V.K. Singh* and Yashvant Patel Microbiology lab, Department of Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur *e-mail: vksinghmbt@gmail.com
(Received: March 15, 2012; Revised received: October 15,
2012;Accepted: October 20, 2012) |
Abstract: Climate
change has been an important decisive force for the evolution of new species
as such and through migration of living forms for newer habitats. Life-forms
on Earth has been dealing with a changing climate by adapting to newer
patterns of temperature and rainfall that has been a major influencing factor
on evolutionary changes that produced the plants, animal and other species.
Variation in the climate must be compatible with the survival of ecosystems
and their functions, on which we depend for the essentials of life that has
been changing over space and time. According to a recent report of Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (MA), the increased magnitude of climate change due to
global warming now poses one of the major threats to the biological diversity
of the planet, and is projected to become an increasingly important driver of
change in the coming decades. The consequent ecosystem degradation and
species extinction are proceeding rapidly resulting in global loss of species
at a rate that is 100 to 1000 times faster than the natural extinction rate.
Earlier the Earth has witnessed 5 major mass extinction events irrespective
of human endeavors but the 6th such
event if it occurs would be the result of a irrational competition for
resources between one species on the planet i.e. humans Vs. all others! This
is certainly an outcome of power, greed and politics-centric human life. Key words: DNA,
MLEE data analysis, RAPD data analysis, RAPD-PCR analysis, Climate change,
Biodiversity |
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38. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 173-177 (2012) Effect of environmental factors on frequency of birth defects Vandana Rai* Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of
Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (UP) (Received: March 15,
2012; Revised received: October 06, 2012;Accepted: October 07, 2012) |
Abstract: Due to the low social status of Indian women,
their diet often lacks in both quality and quantity. Women who suffer
malnutrition are less likely to have healthy babies. Folic acid, vitamin B6
and B12 are the micronutrients necessary for the normal development of fetus.
Deficiency of these nutrients in pregnant women is the main factor
responsible for congenital malformations/birth defects. Birth defects refer
to structural and functional abnormalities present since birth. Birth defects
are emerging at an alarming rate in developing countries. India too is facing
this burden and experiencing a gradual but accelerating demographic switch to
non-communicable and genetic diseases. Except this, congenital heart defects
are among the most common birth defects and are the leading cause of birth
defect-related deaths. However, advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment
have led to dramatic increases in survival for children with serious heart
defects. However, the role of folic acid deficiency in the causation of
neural tube defects and the corollary of the use of folic acid
supplementation in the prevention of these birth defects has now gained
universal acceptance. Key words: Nutritional
deficiency, Birth defects, Micronutrient deficiency, Neurological defects,
Folic acid Vitamin B12 deficiency |
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39. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 178-180 (2012) Biodiversity of Pleurotus
species in eastern Utaar Pradesh C.S. Singh1, S.P .Tiwari1,
R. Srivastava1, V.K. Singh2
and R. Sharma2* 1
Department of Microbiology,
VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222001, India 2
Department of Biotechnology,
VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222001, India *e-mail: rajeshdbt@yahoo.co.in (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised received: September 20,
2012;Accepted: October 01, 2012) |
Abstract: A
total of 52 natural isolates belonging to seven different species of Pleurotus were isolated and purified from selected 37
locations belonging to Jaunpur, Sultanpur,
Varanasi, Azamgarh, Allahabad, Sant
Ravidashnagar and Ambedakarnagar,
Mirzapur districts. The isolates belonged to seven
species namely P. ostreatus, P. florida, P. sajor-caju, P. sapidus, P. flabellatus, P. eous and P. columbinus
from the agro-climatic zones such as user, wastelands, foresting area,
wetlands, flood area and fertile lands. Isolates were identified on the basis
of morphological characteristics of basidiocarps / sporophores, spores and mycelia, and was finally
confirmed through Di-mon crossings. In vitro and in
vivo growth studies exhibited a differential growth response by different
cultures, even same culture showed different growth response at different
temperature 16, 25 and 30°C, a well known phenomenon exhibited by almost all microorganisms.Five cultureswere
short-listed on the basis of faster growth, two each from three different
temperature regimes namely NI-5 (P. ostreatus),
NI-6 (P. sapidus), NI-7 (P. flabellatus) and NI-10 (P. florida)
for further studies. Oyster mushroom production profile and related observations
of short-listed cultures were recorded for the comparative studies at three
different temperature regimes. Key words: Diversity,
Pleurotus ostreatus,
P. florida, P. sapidus,P.
flabelatus |
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40. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 181 -183 (2012) Diversity of genome and ploidy in
banana and their effect on tissue culture responses Sugandh Suman*, Kundan Kishor Rajak and Harsh Kumar Department of Agricultural
Biotechnology and MolecularBiology, Faculty of
Basic Sciences & Humanities Rajendra
Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur),
Bihar-848125 *e-mail: sugandhsuman@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised received: September 14,
2012;Accepted: September 18, 2012) |
Abstract: Banana is one of the most important fruit crop
having a wide range of ploidy and genome
constitution. Most of the banana cultivars have originated from inter and
intra specific hybridization of two wild diploid (2n=2x=22) species, M. accuminata (‘A’ genome) and M. balbisiana
(‘B’ genome) resulting into different genomic and ploidy
levels namely AA, AAA, AAB, ABB, AAAB, AABB and ABBB. Tissue culture studies
in shoot tips cultures of banana comprising different ploidy
levels and having different genome structures, resulted in different forms of
organogenesis. The shoot tips were cultured on MS medium supplemented with
different concentrations and combinations of 2, 4-D, IAA, KIN and BAP. The
effect of ploidy and genome on tissue culture
responses was found. Triploids gave the best response followed by tetraploid and diploids for all tissue culture responses except somatic embryogenesis for which triploids was
followed by diploids only. The genotype with more ‘A’ genomes gave better
response than those with ‘B’ genome for all tissue culture responses except
somatic embryogenesis. Key words: Banana, ploidy,
tissue culture |
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41. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 184 -190 (2012) Adaptive changes in the gills of puntius
sophore exposed to heavy metal chromium J.P.N.Singh1* and Devendra Prakash
Srivastav2 1Department of Zoology, R.H.S.P.G.College Singramau, Jaunpur; 2Department of Zoology,S.M.M.Town P.G.College, Ballia *e-mail: drjpnsingh@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: October 18, 2012;Accepted: October 22,2012) |
Abstract: Effect of
lethal and sub-lethal concentration of potassium dichromate has been observed
on gill filament and gill lamellae od fresh water
fish Puntius sophore.Thickening of epithelium in gill
filament and gill lamellae at Id and 2d of lethal and 2d,3d,4d and 5d of
sub-lethal in Puntius sophore
in present investigation is significant. Epithelial thickening is usually
followed by fusion of secondary lamellae, lifting of epithelium from basement
membrane of the gill filament and their secondary lamellae and finally
dissociation of the epithelium. Fusion of gill lamellae in gills of Puntius sophore at 1d of lethal
and 4d of sub-lethal exposure of chromium in present study acquires
significance. Fusion of lamellae is a natural defence
mechanism to keep most of the lamellar surface away from direct contact of
toxic chemicals. However, such adaptations against the disturbed aquatic
environment reduces the respiratory surface area and fishes fail to extract
adequate oxygen for their metabolic activities and therefore asphyxiate . Also the sub-epithelial spaces between pillar
cells and the epithelial lining diminishes the effective osmoregulatory
surface in addition to the possibility of normal gas exchange since the water
flow through the above region is reduced. Increased density and dimension of
mucous cells are adaptations noticed in gills of Puntius
sophore exposed to the chromium. Increased density
and dimension of mucous cells are related to enhanced mucous secretion which
is an inbuilt defence mechanism of fishes against
disturbed aquatic environment .Laying down of a barrier layer of slime over
the gill filament and gill lamellae by the sac like mucous cells is perhaps
the immediate response of gill to the chromium toxicity in order to delay the
penetration of toxic chromium at least for a short period in the initial
stage of exposure. Sudden evacuation of the contents of mucous cells which results
in their exhaustation and subsequent elimination
causes a sudden decrease in the density of mucous cells. Mucous cells at
initial exposures display reaction for acidic sulphated
glycoproteins. The sulphated
mucin is known to bind chromium molecules perhaps
to keep the toxicant away from the gill surface ,at
least temporarily. At late exposures these cells often lose their sulphated glycoprotein contents and either stain for neutral glycoproteins
or for mixed glycoproteins. This is perhaps due to
the acute requirement of sulphated slime to combat
the toxicity of chromium. The presence of telangiectatic
lamellae in gills ofin Puntius
sophore at 9d of sub-lethal treatment of
chromium indicates characteristic pathological change in association with
physical and chemical trauma due to polluted aquatic environment. Increase in
density and dimension of acidophil cells in gill filament epithelium of Puntius sophpre
exposed to the chromium is significant Tremendous increase in dimension of
acidophil cells at 2d of lethal and sub-lethal exposures is due to intensive
rate of synthesis of secretary contents in these cells which may be
correlated to cope with the influence of chromium. Key words:
Puntius sophore, Gills, Mucous cells, Glycoproteins |
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42. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 191-194 (2012) Evaluation of antigenotoxic
potential of Actinidia chinesis (kiwi) against aflatoxin
b1-induced genotoxicity Sultan Ahmad*, Sheeba, Brij Raj Gautam, and Afsar Ali Department of Zoology, Shibli National College, Azamgarh( U. P.)-276001 *e-mail: sultansnc@yahoo.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 02, 2012;Accepted: November 04, 2012) |
Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate
the protective effects of Actinidia Chinesis (Kiwi) Extract against Aflatoxin
B1-induced genotoxicity. In this study we notices
the significant reduction of number of aberrant cells and frequency of
aberration per cell in the bone marrow of albino mice invivo,
and the reduction of chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and enhances replication
indices in human lymphocyte cultures. We also notice the positive
dose-response relationship between the doses of Kiwi Extract and antigenotoxicity, using four optimum doses (150,200, 250,
300, and 350 mg/kg bw.) of Kiwi Extract in vivo and
four concentrations viz; 25, 50, 60, 80 and 90 mg/ml
in in vitro study. The data were collected at three
durations (16, 24, & 32 hrs in vivo. and 24, 48, & 72 hrs in vitro);
although the effect was not depend on the time but it was dose dependent. Key words: Actinidia chinesis , Kiwi, Antigenotoxicity,
Chromosomal aberration, Sister chromatid exchange,
Replication index |
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43. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 195-200 (2012) Structural organization of the epithelia lips and
associated structures of fish, Pterophyllum
scalrae:
a histochemical investigation J.P.N. Singh1*, Sateesh Chandra Dubey1 and Archana
Singh2 1Department of Zoology, R.H.S.P.G.College
Singramau, Jaunpur-222175; 2Department of Zoology, T.D.College Jaunpur *e-mail: drjpnsingh@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 01, 2012;Accepted: November 08, 2012) |
Abstract: Structural organization of the epithelium of the
lips and associated structures of Pterophyllum
scalrae is described. The upper lip is
associated on its dorsal side with a membranous fold of skin and the rostral cap while the lower lip is associated on its
ventral side with a fold of skin between lower lip and ventral head skin. The
chemical composition of the mucous cells may be correlated with habit,
habitat and feeding behaviour of pterophyllum scalrae.
Elaboration of sulphated glycoprotein moieties by
most of the mucous cells in different regions of the lips and associated
structures may be correlated to increase viscosity of the mucus and
lubrication of the surface of epithelia of lips and associated structures.
This could play a vital role in providing protection to the lips and
associated structures against mechanical damage to which these fishes are
exposed during feeding the plant materials. Presence of
both acidic and neutral glycoprotein in the mucous cells of skin folds are
quite significant. Sulphated acidic glycoprotein
provides extra lubrication to the surface of the fold of skin. This reduces
the surface drag during their stretching enabling the jaw to protrude at the
time of feeding with increasing efficiency and swiftness. Taste buds on
dorsal side of upper lip of Pterophyllum scalar are
prominently elevated being located on epithelial protrusion projected well
above the surface may enhance the ability of the fish to sense the chemical
nature of the surrounding water and food available in a particular feeding
zone. Generally taste buds are absent in skin folds of Pterophyllum
scalrae
. Here taste buds are not necessitated or may not be of much
significant value probably because the fold of skin lies in deep grooves and
do not remain in direct contact with the surrounding medium except when they
are temporarily stretched out for short periods during jaw protrusion for
feeding. Uninucleated club cells are observed in
the lips and associated structures of Pterophyllum
scalrae.Information
regarding functional significance of club cells is available mainly from the
studies on epidermis covering general body surface of the fish. It appears
that club cells are developed additionally to complement the mucous cells in
the efficient functioning of the epithelium in the protection against various
hazards. Presence of lymphocytes in epithelia of lips and associated
structures of Pterophyllum scalrae may be associated with local defence mechanism. Key words: Pterophyllum scalrae, Lips, Glycoproteins,
mucous cells |
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44. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 201-202 (2012) Impact of climatic changes
on fisheries with special reference to physiological adaptations in fish
epidermis Suman Kumar Singh Department of Fishl Biochemistry, College of Fisheries, Dholi (Muzaffarpur),
Bihar-843121 *e-mail: sksfisheries@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: October 24, 2012;Accepted: October 28, 2012) |
Abstract: The earth’s climate is changing as reflected by
the abundance of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
chlorofluorocarbon and ozone), aerosols and solar radiations disturbing the
terrestrial environment including aquatic ecosystems. The warning effects of
these changes are now being felt across many parts of the world including
India. The effects of these changes is well evidenced by increase in surface
temperature, rainfall, extreme weather conditions, Himalayan glaciers rise in
sea level, etc. To overcome the stress generated by the environmental
changes, fauna and flora on the earth including fishes have been diversified
a lot in past years but a marked decline in production of certain species and
overall degradation in ecosystems have also been noticed. The fish epidermis
is considerably more tender structure than that of higher animals, and has a
number of differing but highly significant roles related to its presence as
the limiting membrane at the interface between the external medium and fish.
In general, fish epidermis is mucogenic in nature
and diversified in different groups of fishes.It is
mainly composed of epithelial cells and glandular cells, such as, club cells,
mucous cells and sacciform cells. The arrangement
of these cells and the chemical nature of secretions vary widely in different
groups of fishes, both species wise as well as environmental conditions. At
stress, these cells react strongly and release profuse secretions at the surface.
Thus, these cells along with its secretion fight with the environmental
changes that deteriorated water quality. It serves as a barrier to the entry
of water, ions, microorganisms, and resists the mechanical damages due to
various abrasions and socks encountered in the environment. Though
biodiversity is a boon for survival of organisms on the earth but it fails
miserably when environmental changes are rapid and results mass extinctions.
It has been reported in an estimate that less than 1% of the species that
have existed on earth are extant. These events limit the biodiversity.
Necessary steps must be taken to save the organisms and sustain productivity
of our natural as well as cultural ecosystems. Key words: Climatic
changes – Aquatic environment – Fish and Fisheries - Fish epidermis –
Biodiversity |
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45. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 203-210 (2012) Histopathological responses of the gill of gold fish, Carassius
auratus to the tryarylmethane
dye malachite green J.P.N. Singh1*, Ram Yash Yadav
and Ashutosh Kumar Singh2 1Department of Zoology, R.H.S.P.G.College
Singramau, Jaunpur-222175; 2Department of Zoology, S.M.M.Town P.G.College, Ballia *e-mail: drjpnsingh@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: October 09, 2012;Accepted: October 12, 2012) |
Abstract: Thickening of epithelium in gill filament and
gill lamellae at different exposures ofsub-lethal
of the malachite green in Carassius auratushas
been attributed to cell swelling in short term poisoning. Epithelial
thickening is followed by fusion of secondary lamellae, lifting of epithelium
from basement membrane of the gill filament and their secondary lamellae and
finally dissociation of the epithelium. Fusion of gill lamellae in gills of Carassius auratus
at sub-lethal concentration at 15d, 30d & 45d malachite green treatment
in present study acquires significance. Fusion of gill lamellae is a natural
defense mechanism to keep most of lamellar surface away from direct contact
of toxic chemicals. However, such adaptations against the
disturbed aquatic environment reduces the respiratory surface area and
fishes fail to extract adequate oxygen for their metabolic activities and
therefore asphyxiate. L. Sudden apperance of
mitochondria rich chloride cells, in the gill filament region of Carassius auratus,
is associated with the defence mechanism against
toxicant. Possibly the appearance of chloride cells in the gill filament
region at lethal exposure of 3h, 6h, 12h and 1d of the malachite green
treatment is to protect the fish from the irritant present in the
environment, either by providing energy or by facilitating the tissue to
excrete nitrogenous or other toxic wastes by active ion extrusion method. Elongation
of blood channel, their denucleation and
constriction and finally disintegration in pillar cell system at late
exposure hours in present investigation is significant. The normal
microanatomy of lamellae with their blood channel, pillar cells and epithelial
units get distorted and the blood is haemolysed.
The haemolysis of lamellar blood causes hypoxemia
and fishes leave their hiding places to float on water surface in search of
oxygen. Also the sub-epithelial space between pillar cells and epithelial
lining diminishes the effective osmoregulatory
surface area in addition to the possibilities of normal gas exchange since
the water flow through the above region is reduced. Laying down off a barrier
layer of slime over the gill filament and gill lamellae by the sac-like
mucous cells is perhaps the immediate response of the gill to the malachite
green toxicity, in order to delay the penetration of toxic dye at least for a
short period in the initial stage of exposure. Sudden evacuation of the
contents of the mucoytes which results in their
exhaustion and subseuqent elimination causes a
sudden decrease in the density of the mucous cells. Increase in protein
contents in different cellular components of Carassius
auratus under influence of malachite green treatment
is quite significant. Increased protein synthesis against the toxicity ofmalachite green leads to the adaptation of organisms to
a toxic environment and also induces tolerant stress. Key words: Gill,
Carassius auratus,
malachite green |
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46. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 211-212 (2012) Climate change and human
health: Malaria and
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Pradeep Kumar and Vandana Rai Human Molecular Genetics
Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology,VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-(U
P) (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: October 14, 2012;Accepted: October 16, 2012) |
Abstract: Global warming has serious consequences on
climate as it modifies rainfall patterns, amplifies coastal flooding and
erosion, lengthens the growing season, melts glaciers and alters the range of
some infectious diseases. As the precipitation patterns change storms floods
and droughts will be more severe and an increased frequency of storms, flood,
drought and intense rain events have been already observed in all parts of
the world in last few decades. More intense rains and hurricanes and rising
sea levels will lead to more severe flooding and potential loss of property
and life. Key words: Global
warming, Climae change, malaria, G6PD deficiency |
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47. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 213-214 (2012) Changing scenario of catch
structure in rivers ganga and yamuna at
Allahabad A. Gopesh1
and R.K. Pathak2 1Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad
Allahabad-211002 (U.P.) 2Regional Centre, Central Inland Fisheries
Research Institute, Allahabad 211002 *e-mail: krp.pathak2@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: October 18, 2012;Accepted: October 22, 2012) |
Abstract: Present
investigation was carried, during March 2008 to February 2009 at Rasoolabad Ghat at Allahabad.
Study was conducted to assess the population structure of Cyprinus
carpio var. communis in
the middle stretch of the Ganga river. The
population structure was observed to vary from 0 to 11+ age groups. The 1+
age group population was dominant, which was recorded to be nearly one fifth
of the total population. The age groups 0, 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+, 6+, 7+ and 8+
contributed 6.11%, 17.87%, 17.50%, 13.46%, 9.17%, 4.89%, 3.18% and 2.57%,
respectively. The 0 to 3+ age groups contributed 63.02% population. The
remaining age groups (9+ to 11+) contributed below 4% population Key words: Population
structure, common carp, River Ganga, Cyprinus carpio |
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48. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 215-217 (2012) Biodiversity analysis of azotobacter isolated from the rhizosphere
of radish, grown in district Jaunpur Rishi srivastava1, Sumit Patel1,
Shweta Sonam1, Rajesh Sharma2, SP Tiwari1* 1Department of Microbiology, 2Department
of Biotechnology, VBS Purvanchal University,
Jaunpur-222001, India *e-mail: sptiwarimicro@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: October 15, 2012;Accepted: October 16, 2012) |
Abstract: Plant-microbe
interaction in the rhizosphere can be beneficial,
neutral or deleterious for plant growth. Rhizobacteria
that exert beneficial effect on the growth and development of the plant are
called as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.
Radish of district Jaunpur is very famous for its
large size. The rhizospheric bacteria may play an
important role in the growth of this radish. Studies were done specifically
on the biodiversity of Azotobacter found in the rhizospheric region of radish. The bacteria were isolated
on the specific medium. Five isolates were tested for their PGPR activity.
All the five were positive for ammonia production while negative for
antibiotic production. On the basis of color formationIAA
production was maximum in RR5, followed by RR1 and
rest of the isolates. RR2 was the only strain out of five that was positive
for HCN production. None of the isolates exhibited significant increase in
the seed germination activity but 1.5 to 2.0 folds increase in the root
length as compared to their respective control was observed in RR5 and RR3
treatments. Rest of the cultures were also found to
promote the root length as compared to their respective control. Except RR1
and RR2, rest other cultures also promoted the shoot length and only RR5 was
able to promote the leaf area. On the basis of these initial results further
pot experiments will be conducted in our laboratory with these isolates for
their use as bio-fertilizers which will be more eco-friendly and economical
than chemical fertilizers. Key words: Biofertilizers, PGPR, Rhizosphere, Azotobacter |
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49. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 218-222 (2012) Comparative biochemical
analysis of skin mucous secretions from certain freshwater teleosts Ashwini Kumar Nigam1, Usha Kumari1, Ghanshyam
Das Nigam2, Swati Mittal1*
and Ajay Kumar Mittal3 1Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of
Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, India 2Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Haidergarh (N.D. University of Agriculture &
Technology, Faizabad); 3Department of the Zoology, Banaras Hindu
University; 9, Mani Nagar, Kandawa, Varanasi
-221106, India *e-mail: drsmittal73@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: October 27, 2012;Accepted: October 29, 2012) |
Abstract: The
present study revealed significant differences in the biochemical composition
of the skin mucus of Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Rita rita and Channa punctata, inhabiting
different ecological niches.Protein contents in
aqueous phases of the mucus were higher in L. rohita
(54.77%) and R. rita (50.21%), than in C.
catla (39.33%), C. punctata
(20.64%) and C. mrigala (19.99%).Proteins in
detergent soluble phases of skin mucus of these fish species, in general,
were less than 3%.Mucus also contained small amounts of carbohydrates (1.28 -
4.53%) and lipids (2.51 - 8.60%).Electrophoretic
profiling of aqueous phase proteins revealed a series of high molecular
weight protein bands ranging from 50 kDa to 205 kDa in C. mrigala, L. rohita and C. catla.Such bands were relatively less
in C. punctata.Protein
bands in R. rita were mainly between 17 kDa and 50 kDa.Nature of mucus
proteins on the basis of their molecular weight have been correlated with
their biological significance in relation to ecological niches inhabited by
the fishes. Key words: Skin
mucus, Protein |
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50. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 223-229 (2012) Malathion-induced endocrine disruption leads retardation in fish growth Bechan Lal* Department of Zoology,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221 005, India *e-mail: lalbhu@yahoo.co.in (Received: March 15, 2012;
Revised received: November 04, 2012;Accepted: November 03, 2012) |
Abstract: Abundant
reports on stunted growth in fishes following pesticides exposure are available;
however, mechanism underlying it is rarely studied. Since hormones are well
known to play vital role in regulation of metabolic activities and general
body growth, present study was conducted to investigate the effects of malathion (an organophosphorous
pesticide) on metabolic hormones, responsible for promotion of body growth as
well as somatic and ovarian growth of the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus. Malathion treatment drastically reduced the body weight
as well as food intake. Malathion-treated catfish
exhibited avoidance to food to a great degree. This pesticide also suppressed
the secretions of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), growth hormone (GH),
insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I), testosterone (T) and estradiol-17β
(E2) significantly, in a dose dependent manner, in general, except
that the low dose of malathion increased the
secretion of growth hormone. Significant reduction in muscle and hepatic
protein content was also noted in malathion-treated
fish. Malathion induced lipolysis
in liver and muscle. Study, thus, revealed that malathion
disrupted the entire endocrine mechanism and olfactory sensation responsible
for gustatory feeding behavior, food intake and metabolism, which ultimately
resulted in retardation in general growth. Key words: Malathion, Food
consumption, GH, IGF-I, Testosterone, estradiol,
fish growth |
|
51. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 230-233 (2012) Population dynamics and eco-friendly utilization of non
commercial fishes for fish products development and its sustainable
management K. P. Singh1*,
Anees F. Rizvi2
and Niraj Kumar2 1Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 2The
Institute of Applied Sciences, Allahabadndia *e-mail: kps29@rediffmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 11, 2012;Accepted: November 12, 2012) |
Abstract: The
recent fish catch statistics indicate that there is sharp decline in the
population of Indian major carps (IMCs) from 1960 to 2008 in the middle
stretch of river Ganga (around Allahabad) and lower
stretch of river Yamuna. In contrast to IMCs, population of the exotic fishes
are dominating in the fishery of revirine habitat
at Allahabad while non-commercial fishes are still maintaining their catch
composition as a sustainable stock since 1960s.This trenddeclined
the socio-economic status of the fishermen community. In the present
scenario, utilization of non-commercial fishes may be a solution not only to
enhance the livelihood of the community but also to utilize these fishes for
development of fish products. Therefore, population dynamics of three
non-commercial fishes namely Sciaena coitor , Gudusia chapra and Chela laubuca from Ganga and Yamuna
rivers of Allahabad was studied from Januaryto
December, 2010 using length-frequency based analysis by FiSAT
software to evaluate the growth parameters, mortality rates and exploitation
rate. Estimated L”, K, Z, M, F, E and U of these fishes was 215, 1.514, 4.97,
2.56, 2.41, 0.484 and 0.481 per year respectively for S. coitor
; 180, 2.838, 9.609, 4.07, 5.54, 0.57 and 0.57 per year respectively for G. chapra and 135, 2.703, 6.041, 4.27, 1.77, 0.293 and 0.292
per year for C. laubuca. The study revealed
that fishes were under-exploited except G. chapra
that has crossed the over-fishing level. Nutritional value of S. coitor was found higher among the selected fishes; and
also found organoleptically acceptable. Therefore,
fish products like Fish Papad, Fish Chakli and Fish Save were prepared by amalgamation of
some phytoproteins with fresh flesh of S. coitorfor
human consumption and shelf value of these products was found quite good (upto 200days). Thus, fish stock of non-commercial fishes
of these rivers may be exploited and utilized in future as sustainable
management. Key words: Population
dynamics, Non-commercial fishes, Nutritive value, Fish product |
|
52. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 234-236 (2012) Studies on the role of Decorative
leucauge, Leucauge decorata(blackwall) as
bio-control agent for controlling insect pests of crop fields Arvind Yadav, Radheshyam Mishra and S.N. Chaubey* Department of Zoology,
S.D.J.P.G. College Chandeshwar, Azamgarh
-276128, India *e-mail: drsncchaubey@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 06, 2012;Accepted: November 08, 2012) |
Abstract: Laboratory
studies were carried out to investigate morphology, prey preference and
feeding capacity of Leucauge decorata
(decorative leucauge) collected from paddy crop
fields and surroundings. It was observed that it is a diurnal species found
in between paddy plants and on bushes near the crop fields, makes web during
day and feeds readily on locusts, moths, mosquitoes and houseflies but least
fed on beetles. A single individual can prey on about 15.30±1.70 insects/
24h. This spider species is being reported here for the first time from Mau
district of U.P. Key words: Leucauge decorata, bio-control agent, morphology, feeding
capacity, prey preference, crop field |
|
53. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 237-238 (2012) Comparative study of IgG coding region in different human blood samples using insilicon tools for individual identification Nitu Pandey1,2* 1School of Forensic Science, Sam Higginbottom
Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 2Axis DNA Research Centre, Hyderabad *e-mail: nitupandey89@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012;
Revised received: November 08, 2012;Accepted: November 10, 2012) |
Abstract: DNA
fingerprinting technology has never looked back. It has become widely
popular, acceptable and more economical. Plus the process is much more
straightforward now. Apart from its exploitation in forensic investigations
to solve mysteries of crime, the chief utilization of DNA fingerprinting is
for parentage testing. Blood is one of the most significant and frequently
encountered types of physical evidence associated with the forensic
investigation of death and violent crime. Immunoglobins
are protein molecules with demonstrable antibody activity i.e. specific
interaction, with antigen, and share antigenic determinant with any known
antibody. Immunoglobins are comprised of a
heterogeneous FCGR3A gene encodes a receptor for the Fc
portion of immunoglobulin G, and it is involved in the removal of
antigen-antibody complexes from the circulation. This present study was
carried out in BioAxis DNA research centre,
Hyderabad. In this study 8 samples of blood were taken of different person
from different region. For primer designing the primer FCGR3A sequences were
blast in primer 3 input and with the help of CLAUSTAL W, identify the
evolutionary relationship and the regions that are similar and most conserved
were examined. The results show that every individual have a unique DNA
sequence, no two samples have same pattern so were subjected to analysis.This technique will emphasize an efficient
method for the detection and confirmation of bloodstains as being human in
origin is important in crime scene investigations blood group of proteins
accounting for about 20%of total plasma proteins. Key words: DNA
fingerprinting, Plasma Protein, Immunoglobins, heterogeneous
FCGR3A gene |
|
54. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 239-241 (2012) Effect of essential oil (anethum) on albino rats
G.R. Yadav1, S.L. Yadav2, and
A.K. Mishra3 1Department
of Botany, M.H.P.G. College, Jaunpur, 2Department
of Botany, S.V.M.P.G. College, Kalan, Sultanpur 3Department
of Botany, K.N. Govt. P.G. College, Gyanpur, Bhadohi (Received:
March 15, 2012; Revised received: November 07, 2012;Accepted: November 10,
2012) |
Abstract: Animal
toxicity investigations with the isolated fungi toxic plant (Anethum) constituent to find out the effect of
constituents on different animals systems. This work will be carried out by
feeding the treated food to Albino rats for some period to find out their
chromic toxicity. The animal toxic studies were made on Albino rats. The rats
of treatment sets were given the feed fumigated with Anethum
oils. The body weights rate of diet. Consumption, hemoglobin percent total
and differential leucocyte counts, blood glucose,
protein cholesterol, urea, glutoamic oxaloacetic transminase (GOT)
and glutamic pyruvic transminase (GPT) activity of the blood serum of the rats
of treated sets were observed and compared with those of control sets. The
rats of treated group showed a more pronounced increase in body weight as
well as diet consumption than those of control group. The hemoglobin
percentage, total and differential leucocyte
counts, blood glucose, protein, cholesterol, urea, SGOT andSGPT
of the blood serum of treated and control sets of rats did not differ
significantly and the study thus showed the non animal toxic nature of the Anethum oil. Key words: Anethum (Essential
oil), Albino rat |
|
55. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 242-244 (2012) Major threats to biodiversity with
particular reference to climate change,
introduction of GMO’s and alien species
Dharmendra
Kumar Pandey
Amity School of Engineering Technology,Amit
University Uttarpradesh, Lucknow Campus-226010,
India *e-mail: dklsamity@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 11, 2012;Accepted: November 12, 2012) |
Abstract: The
biodiversity is a term that applies to all species, their genetic
variability, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. The
major threats to biodiversity are from habitat loss, habitat fragmentation,
environmental pollution, introduction of alien (exotic) species, GMOs, spread
of diseases, overexploitation, shifting cultivation, poaching, acid rain,
climate changes etc. Climate change is most dangerous threat for biodiversity
in current century and coming centuries. GMO’s are plants, animals
or microbes which contain at least one foreign gene. The introduction of GMO’s
may have adverse impact because each and every species in an ecosystem
are interdependent. The adverse impact of introduction of GMOs on
biodiversity is comparable to introduction of high yielding crop varieties in
decade of 60s.Alien species or exotic species are non-native species of
organisms that occur outside their natural adapted ranges and dispersal
potential. They pose threat to flora and fauna of host region. Key words: Alien
species, Biodiversity, Climate change, GMOs |
|
56. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 245-250 (2012) Behavioural dysfunctions in relation to the
toxicity of ‘NUVAN®’, an organophosphorus
insecticide in an indian
major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala
Nidhi Srivastava, Amita Kumari
Rai, Usha Kumari, Swati Mittal* and Ajay Kumar Mittal*
Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India *e-mail: profakmittal@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 12, 2012;Accepted: November 14, 2012) |
Abstract: This
study assessed the behavioural dysfunctions in
relation to the toxicity of ‘Nuvan®’, a
commercial formulation of an organophosphorus
insecticide, in Cirrhinus mrigala.24h
renewal bioassays were made to measure potential toxic effects of the
insecticide. Trimmed Spearman-Karber method was
employed to evaluate median lethal concentrations (LC50; 4h - 96h) and the
corresponding 95% confidence limits. In the fishes exposed to ‘Nuvan®’, significant behavioural
dysfunctions-swimming behaviour, opercular beat rate and surfacing behaviour
have been documented as sensitive indicators of physiological stress.Hyperactivity, erratic, undirected jerky swimming of fish exposed to ‘Nuvan®’ is associated with disruption of
nervous and muscular coordination. General weakness, lethargy, loss of
equilibrium, and settling down at the bottom prior to death is associated
with the suppression of breathing leading to hypoxia. Key words: Organophosphorus
insecticide, ‘Nuvan®’, Toxicity,
LC50, Behavioural dysfunctions, Opercular
beat rate, Surfacing, Swimming, Cirrhinus
mrigala. |
|
57. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 251-254 (2012) Ecophysiological adaptations in epidermis of fishes inhabiting
different ecological niches
J.P.N. Singh1* and Suneel
Kumar Singh2
1Department
of Zoology, R.H.S.P.G.College Singramau,
Jaunpur, 2Department of Zoology, Sarvjanik P.G. College,Mungara Badshahpur, Jaunpur *e-mail: drjpnsingh@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 15, 2012;Accepted: November 16, 2012) |
Abstract: The
integument morphology often vividly reflects the animal’s ecological niches
and its behavioral habits. It embodies many of animal’s responses to the
environment as it differentiates, grows, matures, reproduces and dies.
Adaptive alterations in the epidermis of fishes- Clupisoma
garua, Glossogobius giuris, Oxygaster bacaila, Sciaena coitor and Setipinna phasa occupying different ecological niches have been
discussed in this chapter. In Clupisoma garua the secretory
activities of mucous cells have been taken by the club cells and epithelial cells . Clupisoma garua is carnivorous ,predatory
cat fish. These cat fishes are frequently subjected to abrasionduring
active movement to catch their preys. Presence of large number of voluminous
club cells may be regarded as an adaptation to protect the fish against
abrasion. In Glossogobius giuris the epidermis is quite thick as compared to
that of other fishes of present investigation. The mucous cells are small and
distantly placed from each other. The epithelial cells stain moderately for
glycoprotein moieties. The club cells or sacciform cells
are lacking. It appears that due to absence of club cells or sacciform cells which are protective in functions , and due to presence of mucous cells in low
density having smaller dimensions ,the epidermis of this fish is very thick
as compared to that of other fishes of present investigation. This may be
regarded as an adaptation in view of need for an efficient protection against
increase stress to which these fishes are susceptible in swimming on surface
against fast flowing water current and during active movement in catch of
their preys. Oxygaster bacaila,is
omnivorous feeding mosquito larvae throughout its life and mostly inhabits in
stagnant sluggish water bodies most suitable for mosquito egg laying. This
fish has not to face abrasion of fast flowing water current. Due to least
abrasion, the moderate secretion of glycoproteins
from the mucous cells, epithelial cells and club cells in this fish is
necessitated. In Sciaena coitor and Setipinna phasa, the mucous cells are enormously large,
secreting copious amount of mucous on the surface. This is an adaptation in
these fish species to protect the fish from abrasion of fast flowing water
current to which these fishes are subjected. Eosinophilic
granular cells are observed in the epidermis of Sciaena
coitor and Setipinna
phasa. These cells have been associated with
local defence mechanism protecting the fish from
various pathogens to which they are frequently exposed after mechanical
damage of epidermis during swimming from sea to river against flow of water
current. Key words: Niches,
Eosinophilic granular cells, sacciform cells, swimming |
|
58. |
Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 255-257 (2012) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-d) induced histopathological changes in testes of a fresh water
catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (bloch) Anurag
Singh1, Hari Shankar Singh1
and J.P.N. Singh2*
1Department of Zoology, T.D.(P.G.)
College, Jaunpur – 222002, India, 2Department of Zoology, R.H.S.P.G.
College, Singramau, Jaunpur
– 222175 India *e-mail: drjpnsingh@gmail.com (Received: March 15, 2012; Revised
received: November 15, 2012;Accepted: November 16, 2012) |
Abstract: Testis
of Heteropneustes fossilis
exposed to sub-lethal concentration of 2,4-D showed
a number of degenerative changes. Marked histological changes were
encountered in the testes of H. fossilis following herbicide poisoning. The
testicular lobules exhibited degenerated spermatogonia
and spermatocytes. The degenerative changes could
either be on account of a direct toxic action of the environmental poison or
due to an indirect effect via the hypothalamic pituitary-testicular axis. The
interstitial cells of herbicide 2,4-D treated H. fossilis
exhibited cytolysis, pyknosis and necrosis pointing
to their reduced activity and consequent alteration of spermatogenesis. pointing to their reduced activity and consequent
alteration of spermatogenesis. Active spermatogensis
and formation of sperm were observed in testes from control fish whereas in
the treated group only secondary spermatogonia and spermatocytes filled the tubular lumen. Necrotic areas
were also evident in these testis. The interstitial
cells of the control fish showed activation whereas those of the experimental
were exhibiting signs of inactivity. Extensive necrosis in the spermatogenic and interstitial cells are known to be
indicative of impaired gonadotrophic activity.
Breaking and dissolution of the lobular wall in the testis of H.fossilis indicates a degenerative impact of the
2,4-D on this tissue. Key words: 2,4-dichlorophenoxy
acetic acid, Heteropneustes fossilis, spermatogonia, spermatocytes,gonadotrophic activity |
|
59. |
Exclusively Online Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 259-261 (2012) Effect of corm size and spacing on growth, yield
and quality parameters of gladiolus under Jammu conditions Rajesh KPandey1 and Shahid
Ahamad2*
1Division of Vegetable Science and
Floriculture, FOA, Main Campus, Chatha, 2*Krishi Vigyan Kendra, R.S.Pura, Jammu, Sher-e- Kashmir University
of Agricultural Sciences & Technology ofJammu
(J&K), India-180009 *e-mail: drp12@rediffmail.com (Received: October 18, 2012; Revised
received: November 22, 2012;Accepted: November 24, 2012) |
Abstract: The investigation on different corm
sizes (3.0 to 3.5, 3.6 to 4.0, 4.1 to 4.5 and4.6 to 5.0 cm.) and spacings (15 x 30, 20 x 30, 25 x 30 and 30 x 30 cm ) on growth, yield and quality parameters of gladiolus
cv. White Prosperity. Larger sized corms (4.6 to 5.0 cm.) in association with
wider plant spacing of 30 x 30cm gave best performance. Plant height, number
of leaves per plant, length of longest leaf, flowering duration, length of
spike, length of flowering region of spike and number of florets per spike
were observed to be significantly better with larger sized corms. Minimum
days for sleeping and opening of basal floret were found in larger sized
corms. Number of corms per plant, corm weight, diameter of corm, number of cormels per plant and cormel
weight per plant in terms of quality and quantity showed increasing trend
with increasing corm size and spacing. Wider spacing (30 x 30 cm) and larger
corm size (4.6 - 5.0 cm) may be recommended for realizing better quality and
produce in Gladiolus cv. White Prosperity under sub-tropical conditions of
Jammu region. Key words: Gladiolus, corm size, spacing, Yield |
|
60. |
Exclusively Online Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 262-265 (2012) Effect of salinity stress on
chlorophyll fluorescence variable yield and protein in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Naheed Siddiqui* and M. Singh Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226007,
India *e-mail: naheedsiddiqui_2004@yahoo.co.in (Received: February 06, 2012; Revised received: March 28, 2012;
Accepted: April 04, 2012) |
Abstract: Soybean (Glycine
max L.) of the family Leguminosae (pulse
family), native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Asia, cultivated as
a main crop since last 5000 years. The leaf number 4 and 5 both have shown
lower loss in fv/fm values compared to leaf number 6. The loss was found 8,
17 and 23 % in case treated with T1 to various leaves viz., 4, 5
and 6th. Upon treated with T3
salinity level it could enhanced to the level of 35, 41 and 65% losses with
leaf number viz., 4, 5 and 6th
respectively in PS-1241. A more susceptible variety has shown these losses
ca. 60, 73 and 84% in case used leaves having their position 4th, 5th
and 6th in PS-1092. The data indicates
that PS-1241 has been retaining more protein content in comparison to further
two varieties. Cosequently loss in protein
percentage was found ca. 41, 54 and 62% in PS-1092 in comparison to the
losses found in PS-1241, i.e., 35, 38 and 49% and also 38, 49 and 52 % as
shown by PS-1042. Key words: Salinity, Chlorophyll,
Pigments, NaCl, Soybean |
|
61. |
Exclusively Online Res. Environ. Life Sci., 5(4) 266-268 (2012) Effect of drip irrigation
regimes and mulching methods on leaf nutrients uptake of Aonla
under sodic soil Mohd. Suhail*1
and Shahid Ahamad2 1K.V.K. Lakhimpur-kheri, CSAUAT-Kanpur, U.P.,
India 2Regional Agricultural Research Station, Rajouri,
SKUAST-Jammu, India *e-mail: drsuhail.imp@gmail.com (Received: July 28, 2012; Revised received:
October 19, 2012; Accepted: November 01, 2012) |
Abstract: The study was carried on drip irrigation
regimes and mulching method on nutrient uptake of aonla
(Emblica
officinalis) cv.
NA-10. The significant nitrogen (2.52) was analysed
in 13 (IW/CPE=0.6) regime; while P, K and Mg was recorded significantly in 12
(IW/CPE=0.8) regime Ca content in 11 (IW/CPE = 1.0) mulching with paddy straw
shows highest concentration of N, K, Ca and Mg while P content was absorbed
in black polythene. Interaction of irrigation regime and mulching shows
significant maximum N, K and Ca content in 13M2’ 12M2’ and 11M2’ combination
respectively. Key words: Aonla Drip. Mulching N, P, K. Ca. and Mg nutrients uptake |